The probe is in response to an application submitted on behalf of domestic producers, Beijing said, and comes in the face of mounting trade tensions between China and the EU.
"The Ministry of Commerce has opened an anti-dumping investigation into imports of relevant pork and pig by-products originating from the European Union," the ministry said in a statement.
China has criticised the bloc's decision last week to slap additional tariffs of up to 38% on Chinese electric car imports from next month after an anti-subsidy probe.
The European Commission pointed to "unfair subsidisation" in China, which it said "is causing a threat of economic injury" to EU electric car makers.
The European Commission has proposed provisional hikes of tariffs on Chinese manufacturers of 17.4% for market major BYD, 20% for Geely and 38.1% for SAIC.
The EU said the amount depended on the level of state subsidies received by the firms.
Beijing warned the tariffs would "harm Europe's own interests" and condemned the bloc's "protectionism".
China launched an anti-dumping investigation in January into brandy imported from the EU in a move seen as targeting France, which had pushed for the commission's probe.
It also in May launched an anti-dumping investigation into imports of a key engineering chemical from the European Union, the United States, Taiwan and Japan.
Pork is China's most popular meat and a staple of diets in the world's second most populous nation.
Imports of pork and pork by-products from EU nations totalled over three billion dollars last year, Beijing's customs data showed.
China had ramped up threats that Beijing could target EU exports, including pork and dairy products, ahead of the EV tariff decision.
Its commerce ministry said last week that domestic industries "have the right" to request probes into imports to "protect their own legitimate rights and interests".
Beijing also said last week it "reserves the right" to file a suit with the World Trade Organization over planned new EU tariffs.
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